Blue Ocean Strategy Strategy Simulation Analysis

muddied Ocean Strategy Strategy Simulation analytic thinkingBackgroundThe below chart shows the characteristics of Resheps unconsecrated ocean overlap Blue box, lavishlylighted in Yellow. The product was considerably different from the endureing products in the market, just now payable to concerns with the team budget the changes were kept austere to save on the project appeals. Only one path (3) was targeted. The price of the product was amend lots high than the Red box as the product blue box was very superior to it in a number of ways, close to of the features that the blue box continued from the red round products were very like to Shiny station and Purple player levels and hence the price was felt justifiable.Year 2012The above charts clearly show that the scheme of our targeting was working habituated that the taste that we received in the 36+ age root was the highest this was the group that was primarily targeted by path 3 that we had elect while open up the product in the market. The concern, establish on the feedback received however were the future(a)(a)The Product could have received support from a wider majority had we chosen to add a few more than features to the product.The price of the product mogul be too high unconstipated for the features that had been provided.Some of the features were below or above the expectations of the market and hence pauperizationed adjustment in their levels. base on this feedback we clear-cut to change the product specifications in the manner shown belowHighAverageThe feature controller sophistication was visitd audio frequency sophistication was increasedRechargeable batteries was reducedAbility to control sport habits was increasedAnd Exer-gaming was introducedThe features were reduced or removed to keep the overall cost of production in control.The greatest challenge that the blue ocean strategy simulation offered was that the simulation did not provide any intelligence as to what ex act level the consumer wanted for a particular feature it had to be derived from the analysis of the visual exploration brief.Result 2012The analysis of our team in the second round was correct but we again put in indisputable discrepancies, such asThe pricing was still run aground to be higher than expected for the blue boxthe features which were to be reduced were not found to be reduced to the appropriate levelsAlso the production plan was found to be reduce than the demandYear 2013Keeping these in mental capacity we considered our product to be largely successful, so for expanding the market we tried a strategy which was a little different from the one recommended by the feedback messages or else of just decreasing prices we decided to increase some features and reduce the prices whole a little bit.This was done to get the maximum possible strand from the market by getting more consumers to buy.The prices were not reduced much but due to concerns regarding the EBITThe pro duction level was increased to 1000 units expecting a increase in gross revenue due to enhancement in product featuresResult 2013The product features were accepted by the market but the sales slacked, this may have been due to the followingThe market did not need the feature that we added to the productNew products were introduced by the competitorsChart below shows the proportional analysis of the competitors and our blue ocean strategy (Next page). Through product features and consumer preferences. conclusionClearly from the product specifications we buttocks conclude that the Blue box was the approximately superior product but the consumer showed a very high preference for the product blue compact, which due to lower prices of the product. This was also the major feedback. ground on this on the next round more features were added to attract more consumer and remaining different from the competitor even when as blue pack further reduced prices (as our company was facing profit ability problems ), we could not lower the prices as we wanted to keep the losses at a token(prenominal). erudition from Blue ocean strategy simulationTo attract Non- nodes it is most measurable to give them a price discountThe price discount go out not be successful, unless the product is radi distinguishy different from the category, as non-customers argon those who have not been satisfied by the category as a wholeTo reduce prices it is important to eliminate all the extraneous features.To reduce prices it is important to reduce all the unimportant features.Implementation of blue ocean strategy in Mobile advertisement industryThe nimble advertising industry is still very nascent in India, but already there are challenges regarding the bombardment of exploiter with advertising messages. The biggest challenge that the advertisers verbal expression is that an average mobile substance abuser is receiving so many messages every solar day that it is difficult to stand out.Feat ures currently AvailableThe services that a mobile advertising agency in India provides are the followingSMS Blast to user informationbase self-contained on the bases of profession and educationSMS blast to opt-in user data baseMMS blastBanner ads on mobile WapsiteClick to call advertisementsBluetooth based advertisingThe biggest share of these is taken but by the SMS blasts collected in the bases of education and occupation databases.A blue ocean initiative in such a scenario would beDescription of Introduced feature billet based kiosksBluetooth based advertising has still not been adopted in India as single brands are very cautious of the costs regard in the functions, but a viable model can be for a mobile agency to set up kiosks on side such as malls with large footfalls.The booth leave alone have a physical presence to attract the people to itOnce the mobile user comes close to the kiosk they can be requested to switch on the Bluetooth to receive attractive discounts and applicationsThis model can then be sell to the advertisers as a way to start a confabulation with their customerThe processThe advantages of this model would beThe Individual retailer which currently does not use Mobile as a medium for marketing entrust start doing so, thus creating the blue ocean.The ads would be the most recent conversation with the consumerThe cost would be low as the advertiser result only pay for the number of applications/discounts disbursedThe clutter/competition forget be irrelevant as the consumer will opt in to receive these messages.The kiosk can also be used as a Out of mansion mediaAssignment 2Blue ocean strategy for Sports honorary societyThe sports academies that exist today demand extraordinary commitment from their assimilators. At a very young age the students are required to make a high level of commitment towards sports. The concept i am proposing involves the setting up of an academy which has the all the facilities that any academy of in ternational standards provide to its students improver the aides the child in his education also.This blue ocean will be somewhere between the operations of a typical sports academy and a typical K-12 educational origination. A similar example would be the cirque du soleil quoted in the Blue ocean strategy text book. The Cirque du soleil created a blue ocean by incorporating the features of a theatre proceeding in its circus performance.The K-12 education sector has to seen tremendous growth in the past decade with the maturity coming in the established players in the market such as Educomp and entrance of traditional Educational establishment such as Manipal and DPS. The K-12 education model comprises of all establishments that have a uniform model across multiple branches and necessarily conduct classes start from kindergarten to 12th standard.The establishments operating currently in the K-12 education sector full now are offering the following characteristics in their offe ringsStandardised tuitions, based on well defined curriculumDigitised classroomsTransport from and to homesScience and mathematics labsCanteen or other food serviceLibrarySports stemFacilities for hobby tuitionRegular feedback sessions with the parentsMentor mentee programPersonality development programCommunication skills development programsCareer counsellingPreparation for belligerent examsA sports academy provides the following facilities to its studentsSpecialised infrastructure for various sports sea captain coaching for all the relevant sportsMentor mentee programGuidance on career in sportsPlatform and certification to start competing in events aesculapian facilitiesResidential campusesFitness gentilityThis establishment can be called a talent development academy. This is based on the fact the gradually even in India the focus of parents who are the decision maker in graphic symbol of K-12 education is shifting towards over all development of the child quite than just getting the educational degree, but they often end up not taking up sports as a career due to the immense risk involved. The academy will reduce this risk by providing its students with educational facilities as well on the campus itself.This may be achieved by collaborating with some of the operators in the education sector to provide the sports academy students with nice classroom facilities on or near campus.The activities of the academy and attached educational establishment will be coordinated to allow students to manage the 2 adequatelyThe academy will coordinate with the school in the following mannerThe student will be required to qualify the minimum criterion for classroom educationThe school will accommodate the requirements of the sports training schedulePersonal database on the performance of each student will be maintained to monitor both academic and sports performance of the studentAcademics will be handled only during a stipulated time frameThe classes will be sche duled according to the extra- curricular activity that the group of children has decided to pursueThe focus of the academy will be to develop super professional sports persons from among its studentsThe resultNon-users those students who had talent but could not pursue their interestingness due to the inability to handle both education and sports will draw users.

The Practice And History Of Alchemy Chemistry Essay

The Practice And History Of chemistry Chemistry hearAlchemy, derived from the Arabic word al-kimia (, ALA-LC al-kmiy), is both a philosophy and an superannuated arrange foc utilise on the attempt to change base metals into gold, investigating the readying of the elixir of longevity, and achieving ultimate wisdom, involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the reservation of some(prenominal) substances come upond as possessing unusual properties. The practical aspect of interpersonal chemistry can be viewed as a proto wisdom, having generated the basics of modern font font inorganic chemistry, namely concerning procedures, equipment and the identification and use of many current substances.Alchemy has been expert in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), India, Persia (modern Iran), China, Japan, Korea, the classical Greco-Roman world, the medieval Islamic world, and because medieval atomic number 63 up to the 20th century and 21st Century, in a complex netwo rk of schools and philosophical systems spanning at least 2,500 long time. chronicleWhat existed before modern Chemistry?After the death of Alexander the huge of Macedon (323 B.C.), much of the conquered territories in the Persian Empire that were located in the snapper East and northern Africa, began to dissolve. Ptolemy, one and only(a) of Alexanders generals, established a dry land on the coast-line of Egypt.As its capital, Alexandria was considered to be one of the most cultur whollyy respective(a) cities in the world at that time Ptolemy and Ptolemy II put togethered the temple to The Muses, some otherwisewise k at presentn as The Museum, to continue scholarly activities and studies of the day.The Museum could be considered an equivalent to a university or a research institution by todays standards.At the Temple of The Muses, Grecian philosophy, considered to be the basis for western-scientific ideas and reasoning, fused with local Egyptian khemeia, the ancient art, religion, and ceremonies of embalming the dead to create Greek-Egyptian khemia. Because the art of khemeia had been shrouded in enigmaticalism, religion, and the secretive language of undefined symbols, b solelyparkality people were afraid of the practitioners and their seemingly dangerous yet all-powerful know directge of chemicals.There were two major unfortunate byproducts of Greek-Egyptian khemeia that were a consequence of these bass readings and obs be cured _or_ healed languages and symbols. First, the secretive nature of this field slowed its progression so that no one could profit from anothers mistakes or learn from anothers brilliance. Secondly, anyone who spoke in the obscure languages and symbols of Greek- Egyptian khemeia couldnt be understood, so just about anyone who could progress to up nonsensical words could pass as a scholar.As time passed, Greek-Egyptian khemeia began to fall further into obscurity, where shadowy enforces of wizardry, magic, and so rcery seemed to flourish in mysticism. Of these, a Greek- Egyptian by the name of Bolos of Mendes (c. 200 B.C.) promised a animal which would allow for right smarts of turning common metals, such as consider and iron, into gold and silver. Although it was not completely understood how this would be done, this tool, referred to as The Philosophers Stone, was the day-dream of many. Although The Philosophers Stone has never been found, the actual search for it has assisted in the champaign of metallurgy and methodologies of modern day chemistry by refining many of the practical research laboratory techniques, skills, and glass overwargon that ar silence used today, such as those used in distillation, filtration, crystallization, coagulation, evaporation, and extraction.In 4th century A.D., because Roman emperor moth Diocletian fe atomic number 18d that a cheap source of silver and gold could bankrupt the already shaky Roman economy and Pope Zosimuss recognition that Greek-Egyp tian khemeia was a practice of pagan learning, little was done to stop the destruction of the Alexandrian Museum and its libraries by Christian riots. As a result, the field of view of Greek-Egyptian khemeia went underground and would remain as a hidden practice until the 7th century, where it emerged in the middle-east.In the proterozoic 7th century, Arabic tribes unified and began to conquer much of the middle-east, western Asia, and northern Africa. These conque telephone armies soon began to march on easterly Europe, where the inhabitants of Constantinople, with the help of a khemeia practicing Greek-Egyptian named Callinicus, used Greek tone-beginning as a form of plea against the intruders (670 A.D.). Greek Fire, a flammable mixture of sulphur, namptha, and quicklime, was placed into a bronze tube, mounted on a castle wall or the root of a ship, and was lit by a torch to spout fire at anyone who approached. Although this method was able to stave off some of the attacks b y land and sea, the Arabic forces soon gained control of Constantinople, discovered the philosophy of Greek science, and began to utilize the practices of Greek-Egyptian khemeia for their benefit.In Arabic, Greek-Egyptian khemeia was trans slowlyd into the term al-kimiya, flourishing not only as a science of metallurgy, merely with the guidance ofJabir ibn-Hayann (c.760-815A.D.), its use in medicament as well.It was Al-Razi (c.850- 925A.D.), however, who perfected the use of plaster of Paris in holdfast broken bone, His precise ability to logically organize his notes and writings showed the enormousness of clarity with laboratory procedures to the point where he became the out vex to document and describe the comparisons between elfinpox and chickenpox.Many of his works were translated into Latin nearly 600 years later and made an shock on lab methodologies of performing medicine and other experimental research that atomic number 18 still used today.With all of the practical aspects that al-kimiya had to offer, it always had a way of returning to the mystical and what we may refer to today as non-scientific practices. Not only was there a search for The Philosophers Stone, but with a broadened focus on medicines inwardly al-kimiya, conclusion a single cure for all sicknesses, The elixir or Life, and discovering a potion for maintaining youth, The Fountain of Youth, became some of the new mystical treasures. With these new promises of magical discovery, al-kimiya remained in a shroud of mystery and the study of chemicals was still considered a profane craft.As western European Crusaders clashed with Arabic Armies in the southern and easterly Europe, an intermingling of ideas and different cultures gave way to growth and appreciation of Arabic arts, science, and mathematics in the west. By the time the last Moorish strongholds in western Europe were pushed from Spain and Portugal in the 15th century, it became ever so clear that the Latin translati ons of Arabic sciences and mathematics would forever change the west, thus bringing a adjacent to The mediaeval Ages and an opening to the Scientific Renaissance.Known as chemical science, by the Latin translation from the Arabic term al-kimiya, its practice thrived in Europe by and by being gone for nearly 800 years. Although it was still considered pagan learning in some circles, it thrived in underground communities where the search for the three mystic treasures of The Philosophers Stone, the Elixir of Life, and the Fountain of Youth continued.As Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493-1541A.D.), better known as Paracelsus, canvass the medical works of earlier alchemists, in particular Al-Razi, he believed that inquisitive for cures by alchemic means could hurl a large impact on medicine, in any case. Until Paracelsus, only organic plant preparations were used for cures and remedies in treating diseases, but he believed that minerals synthesized in the lab were the key to the futu re of health care. Although he gained many followers, his efforts wouldnt be recognized by traditional European medicine, since he was considered an alchemist. In fact, it would be well over a century subsequently his death until others would recognize his efforts and put them into practice.One of Paracelsus followers and fellow practitioner of alchemy, Andreas Libau (1540-1616A.D.), wanted to bring more clarity and rationality to this field. In 1597 he produce ALCHEMIA, which summarized medieval movements of alchemy, writing with clarity and with minimal mysticism. When theories based upon mysticism were unavoidable, he would reluctantly include them and refer to them as Paracelsians. This book was basal for the field of medicine, the emerging field of a more scientific-based alchemy, and for western science in general because it was one of the first known attempts in separating scientific facts of chemistry from mysticism.Like Al-Razi, Andreas Libau set a standard for alchemis ts by certification of important laboratory methods and skills in the preparation of medicinal chemicals within his state-supportedations, explaining how mineral salts and acids could be used as curing ailments. It wasnt until Johann Rudolf Glauber (1604-1668A.D.), however, that laboratory method and procedures would die hard to the synthesis of Sodium Sulfate, Na2SO4 .10H2O(s), also known as Glaubers Salt. He found that it not only made a mild laxative for medicinal conceptions, but when produced in mass quantities it could be commercialized to the general public to father a profit.EtymologyThe word alchemy derives from the Old French alquimie, which is from the medieval Latin alchimia, and which is in turn from the Arabic al-kimia (). This term itself is derived from the Ancient Greek chemeia () with the addition of the Arabic definite article al- ().It used to be popular opinion that the ancient Greek word was originally derived in its turn from Chemia (), a version of the Egyptian name for Egypt, which was itself based on the Ancient Egyptian word kme (hieroglyphic Khmi, black earth, as opposed to desert sand). roughly now think that the word originally derived from chumeia () importation mixture and referring to pharmaceutical chemistry. With the later rise of alchemy in Alexandria, the word may have been mistakenly thought by ancient writers to derive from , and thus became spell out as , and the original implication forgotten. The question of the etymology of the word alchemy is still open, and recent research indicates that the Egyptian derivation of the word may be valid.Alchemy as a philosophical and uncanny disciplineAlchemy became known as the spagyric art after Greek words meaning to separate and to join together in the sixteenth century, the word believably being coined by Paracelsus. Compare this with one of the dictums of Alchemy in Latin Solve et Coagula Separate, and Join Together (or dissolve and coagulate).The best-known goals of the alchemists were the shifting of common metals into gold (called chrysopoeia) or silver (less well known is plant alchemy, or spagyric) the creation of a panacea, or the elixir of life, a remedy that, it was supposed, would cure all diseases and prolong life indefinitely and the discovery of a comprehensive solvent. Although these were not the only uses for the discipline, they were the ones most documented and well-known. Certain Hermetic schools grapple that the transmutation of lead into gold is analogical for the transmutation of the physical tree trunk (Saturn or lead) into (Gold) with the goal of attaining immortality. This is described as Internal Alchemy. Starting with the shopping center Ages, Persian and European alchemists invested much effort in the search for the philosophers stone, a legendary substance that was believed to be an essential ingredient for either or both of those goals. Pope John XXII issued a bull against alchemic counterfeiting, and the Cist ercians banned the practice amongst their members. In 1403, Henry IV of England banned the practice of Alchemy. In the late 14th century, Piers the Ploughman and Chaucer both painted unflattering pictures of Alchemists as thieves and liars. By contrast, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, in the late 16th century, sponsored various alchemists in their work at his court in Prague.It is a popular belief that Alchemists made contributions to the chemical industries of the day-ore testing and refining, metalworking, production of gunpowder, ink, dyes, paints, cosmetics, leather tanning, ceramics, glass manufacture, preparation of extracts, liquors, and so on (it seems that the preparation of aqua vitae, the weewee of life, was a f nervous strainly popular experiment among European alchemists). Alchemists contributed distillation to Western Europe. The parallel origin of Alchemy in Greek philosophy as well as in Egyptian and Mesopotamian technology set, from the start, a double approach th e technological, operative one, which Marie-Louise von Franz call extravert, and the mystic, contemplative, psychological one, which von Franz names as introvert. These are not mutually exclusive, but complementary instead, as meditation requires practice in the real world, and conversely.Several early alchemists, such as Zosimos of Panopolis, are recorded as viewing alchemy as a spiritual discipline, and, in the Middle Ages, metaphysical aspects, substances, physical states, and molecular material processes as mere metaphors for spiritual entities, spiritual states, and, ultimately, transformations. In this sense, the literal meanings of Alchemical Formulas were a blind, hiding their true spiritual philosophy, which being at odds with the Medieval Christian Church was a necessity that could have otherwise led them to the stake and rack of the Inquisition under charges of heresy. Thus, both the transmutation of common metals into gold and the universal panacea symbolized ontogenesi s from an imperfect, diseased, corruptible, and ephemeral state towards a perfect, healthy, incorruptible, and everlasting state and the philosophers stone then represented a mystic key that would make this evolution possible. Applied to the alchemist himself, the twin goal symbolized his evolution from ignorance to enlightenment, and the stone represented a hidden spiritual truth or power that would lead to that goal. In texts that are written according to this view, the cryptic alchemical symbols, diagrams, and textual imagery of late alchemical works typically contain multiple layers of meanings, allegories, and references to other equally cryptic works and essential be laboriously decoded in order to discover their true meaning.psychological scienceAlchemical symbolism has been occasionally used by psychologists and philosophers. Carl Jung reexamined alchemical symbolism and theory and began to show the inner meaning of alchemical work as a spiritual path. Alchemical philosoph y, symbols and methods have enjoyed something of a renaissance in post-modern contexts.Jung saw alchemy as a Western proto-psychology dedicated to the achievement of individuation. In his interpreting, alchemy was the vessel by which Gnosticism survived its various purges into the Renaissance, a opinion also followed by others such as Stephan A. Hoeller. In this sense, Jung viewed alchemy as comparable to Yoga of the East, as and more adequate to the Western mind than Eastern religions and philosophies. The practice of Alchemy seemed to change the mind and spirit of the Alchemist. Conversely, spontaneous changes on the mind of Western people undergoing any important stage in individuation seems to produce, on occasion, imagery known to Alchemy and relevant to the persons situation.His interpretation of Chinese alchemical texts in terms of his analytical psychology also served the function of comparing Eastern and Western alchemical imagery and mall concepts and hence its possible inner sources (archetypes).Marie-Louise von Franz, a disciple of Jung, continued Jungs studies on Alchemy and its psychological meaning.Alchemy as a equal to(p) of diachronic researchThe history of alchemy has become a vigorous schoolman field. As the obscure hermetic language of the alchemists is gradually being deciphered, historians are becoming more aware of the intellectual connections between that discipline and other facets of Western cultural history, such as the sociology and psychology of the intellectual communities, kabbalism, spiritualism, Rosicrucianism, and other mystic movements, cryptography, witchcraft, and the evolution of science and philosophy. upstart connections to alchemyPersian alchemy was a forerunner of modern scientific chemistry. Alchemists used many of the uniform laboratory tools that are used today. These tools were not usually sturdy or in good condition, especially during the medieval plosive consonant of Europe. Many transmutation attempts fa iled when alchemists unwittingly made unstable chemicals. This was made worse by the unsafe conditions in which the alchemists worked.Up to the 16th century, alchemy was considered serious science in Europe for instance, Isaac Newton devoted considerably more of his writing to the study of alchemy (see Isaac Newtons occult studies) than he did to either optics or physics, for which he is famous. otherwise eminent alchemists of the Western world are Roger Bacon, Saint doubting doubting Thomas Aquinas, Tycho Brahe, Thomas Browne, and Parmigianino. The decline of alchemy began in the 18th century with the birth of modern chemistry, which provided a more precise and reliable framework for matter transmutations and medicine, within a new grand design of the universe based on rational materialism.Alchemy in traditional medicineTraditional medicines bring transmutation by alchemy, using pharmacological or a combination of pharmacological and spiritual techniques. In Chinese medicine th e alchemical traditions of pao zhi give transform the nature of the temperature, taste, body part accessed or toxicity. In Ayurveda the samskaras are used to transform heavy metals and toxic herbs in a way that removes their toxicity. These processes are actively used to the present day.Nuclear transmutationIn 1919, Ernest Rutherford used artificial disintegration to convert nitrogen into oxygen. From then on, this flesh of scientific transmutation has been routinely performed in many nuclear physics-related laboratories and facilities, akin particle accelerators, nuclear power stations and nuclear weapons as a by-product of fission and other physical processes.In literatureSir Thomas Malory uses Alchemy as a motif that underlies the personal, psychological, and aesthetic development of Sir Gareth of Orkney in Le Morte dArthur .Sir Gareths quest parallels the process of Alchemy in that he first undergoes the nigredo phase by defeating the black knight and wearing his armor. After this, Gareth defeats knights representing the quartette elements, thereby subsuming their power. In fighting and defeating the Red Knight (the overall purpose of his quest) he undergoes and passes the rubedo phase. Gareth, toward the end of his quest, accepts a ring from his paramour, Lyoness, which transforms his armor into being multicolored. This alludes to the panchromatic philosophers stone, and date he is in multicolored armor, he is unbeatable.A play by Ben Jonson, the Alchemist, is a satirical and skeptical take on the subject.Part 2 of Goethes Faust, is full of alchemical symbolism. According to Hermetic Fictions Alchemy and Irony in the Novel (Keele University Press, 1995), by David Meakin, alchemy is also featured in such novels and poems as those by William Godwin, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Emile Zola, Jules Verne, Marcel Proust, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, James Joyce, Gustav Meyrink, Lind translate Clarke, Marguerite Yourcenar, Umberto Eco, Michel Butor, Paulo Coelho, Am anda Quick, Gabriel Garca Marquez and Maria Szepes.Hilary Mantel, in her novel Fludd (1989, Penguin), mentions the spagyric art. After separation, drying out, moistening, dissolving, coagulating, fermenting, comes purification, recombination the creation of substances the world until now has never beheld. This is the opus contra naturem, this is the spagyric art, this is the Alchymical Wedding.In Dantes Inferno, it is placed within the Tenth ring of the 8th circle.In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, there are several references to Nicholas Flamel, and a stone that could turn metal into gold and create an elixir of immortality was sought after by both the villains and Harry and friends, for different reasons.In contemporary artIn the twentieth century alchemy was a profoundly important source of inspiration for the Surrealist artist Max Ernst, who used the symbolism of alchemy to inform and guide his work. M.E. Warlick wrote his Max Ernst and Alchemy describing this kind in detail.Contemporary artists use alchemy as inspiring subject matter, like Odd Nerdrum, whose matter to has been noted by Richard Vine, and the painter Michael Pearce, whose interest in alchemy dominates his work. His works Fama and the Aviators Dream particularly express alchemical ideas in a painted allegory.The Rise and Demise of Phlogiston, the Birth of Modern Chemistry, and the importanceof MeasurementChemistry (1600A.D. to present)Originated and published by J. J. Becher in the late 17th century journal Opuscula Chymica Rariora, roughly translated as The Work of obsolescent Chemistry, it was known as the first attempts to explain chemical impetuous and rusting. Becher utter that many common day materials contained a substance called phlogiston, translated from Greek, meaning to set on fire. G. E. Stahl, a medical doctor of the same time period and a proponent of phlogiston, explained in a separate publication thatall inflammable objects contained phlogiston which made it po ssible for them to burn, and as the object burned, phlogiston was poured out into the air. woodland and coal contained a great deal of it, the ashes left after impetuous did not.Since communication of scientific discoveries was now common place, Stahl supported his theory with meticulous laboratory procedures and soft observations. Some of the qualitative observations he made epoch burning phlogiston rich substances are listed below1. Flames extinguish in gas-tight space because air becomes saturated with phlogiston.2. Charcoal leaves little residue upon burning because it is nearly pure phlogiston.3. Mice die in airtight space because air saturates with phlogiston.Phlogiston was considered to be a massless or near massless substance, since no cadence turn had ever existed that could experimentally measure it. Because of this inability to quantify the mass of phlogiston, qualitative experimentation, which was limited to the description of the five human senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch, was the only way in which the phlogiston theory could be supported.Another qualitative evidence of phlogiston theory was the discolour powder residue or rust that was found on the jump of tin after it was heated in the air. Also referred to as calx, meaning limestone, it was believed that this is what remained after phlogiston left the tin metal.Working from previous tin experiments, Antoine Lavoisier (1743- 1794A.D.), a master of building precision instrumentation, attempted to determine the mass of phlogiston with a mass balance that he had manufactured. After evacuating air from a glass vessel that contained tin Filings, he then sealed and began to heat it on his precision mass balance. If the phlogiston theory were correct, he could open the vessel let the phlogiston escape, and finally quantify a value that had eluded scientists for 5 decades.As Lavoisier open(a) the heated glass vessel, he instead measured a small increase in mass, which went again st the phlogiston theory altogether. Although other scientists who held steadfast to the phlogiston theory would make rebuttals that phlogiston must then have a negative mass, these attempts would fall mulct as other experiments that utilized precision measurements began to compile. For the first time in history, Lavoisier showed that a carefully designed experiment using precision measurement technology could be used as evidence to disprove a theory. More important than disproving the phlogiston theory was the realization that precision instruments yielded important quantifiable information about the field of chemistry.Less than a decade later, Lavoisier published his Elementary Treatise of Chemistry (1789), which is considered the first modern chemistry textbook. In it, one could find a well documented view of The Law of saving of Mass and the rejection of the existence of phlogiston, along with various new chemistry theories and laboratory techniques that relied upon BOTH qual itative descriptions and quantitative measurements with the help of measurement technology. It not to say that Lavoisier had all the correct theories within his treatise, but instead that the field of modern day chemistry would emerge, depending more heavily upon precision measurements of chemical phenomena rather than the mystical notions of alchemy, like phlogiston and the three mystic treasures.

Cyber Bullying and Racial Discrimination

Cyber intimidation and Racial DiscriminationMelissa Hui Xin YueQ3 In the recent times, cyber bullying and scorn mongering towards people groups have increased, especially in social ne 2rks such as Twitter, Facebook and Instagram. Islamophobia, Anti-Semitism and other(a) forms of similar negative impressions have dominated cyber space. analytically discuss ways and means to combat the above menti nonp areild phenomena in an kindly and workable manner.According to Bill Belsey (2000), cyberbullying is defined as activity that involves the hire of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated and hostile behaviour by an individual or group that is intended to harm others. In this digital era, it is without a doubt that most children have their own cell phones, and with the immediate Internet connectivity, it is safe to assume that most of the children has at least one social media account. This increase the chance of them cosmos a cyberbully or being cyberbullied. Islamophobia and Anti-Semitism is generally associated with bullying. In a 1991 Runnymede Trust Report, Islamophobia was defined as hostility towards Muslims, and therefore fear or dis equal of all or most Muslims. Whereas Anti-Semitism is the prejudice, discrimination and hatred of Jews as a national, ethnic, unearthly or a racial group (Lipset, 1969). These cyberbullying activities net be occlusion and prevented by raising awareness for Muslim blueprints and Judaism, have advise for students who are being cyberbullied and administrations campaigns in stopping cyberbully.Cyberbullying activities towards Jews and Muslims is a job that preserve be stopped by raising awareness well-nigh Islamic practices and Judaism. Awareness can be shape upd by operating(a) campaigns somewhat Islamic belief and Judaism. These campaigns should run throughout the whole year in schools and also in public areas. Governments and schools should see the brighter side of these two religions instead of stereotyping them as terrorist in accordance to what have happened in the events of 9/11 Attacks in New York (2001) and Charlie Hebdo killings (2014). According to Martin et al. (2011), stereotyping is categorizing information about others in daily life. Campaigns should have activities like cultural talks about what Islamic beliefs and Judaism are about. What could be better than a little bit of mall candy to catch your attention? Clothing and accessories can be employ as a media to spread awareness. Example, you can wear a rich t-shirt in support of Islamic beliefs and Judaism. Games and activities with the Muslims and Jews will manifest how neighbourly and fun they are in contrast of the stereotypes that people have about them. Student exchange programmes are a good way to raise awareness on Muslim students or Jewish students. These students can show their host families about their religion and culture, prompting their host families to stop having stereo types towards the students religion. In response to the event September 11, 2001, Kennedy-Lugar Youth Exchange and Study class is one of the programme that provides scholarship for students from Islamic countries to learn about American society and values (YESprograms, 2002). With raising awareness, this will help the students and society to non be afraid of Muslims and Jews. Thus, discrimination and cyberbullying towards Muslims and Jews will decrease because they understand and see that everyone in the world has feelings.Counselling is a great way to stop cyberbullying. Although you might think that counselling will not do much change, but in fact, according to embower and Rowland (2006), counselling is much effective than usual care, people receiving counselling is likely to be satisfied after treatment. Muslims and Jews who are being cyberbullied can go to see a counsellor whether at school or outside of school. Victims can choose to give way either one-on-one sessions i f they are too shy or they can join group sessions where they get to listen to other victims experiences. Listening to other victims can help them because they empathize with the victims. Based on Dr Bren Browns research (2010), she defines shame as the intensely painful feeling or experience of believing that we are flawed and therefore unworthy of tell apart and belonging. When a victim decides to share his or her experience, the victim is being spunky to face his or her problem. Counsellors should always encourage the victims to talk about their feelings and lighten their stress about being in their own religion. Group sessions not only have experience sharing, but also should have games and activities to make the victims together and show them that they are not alone. Dr Bren Brown once said, To practice courage and compassion is to look at life and people approximately us. Counsellors should teach the victims the ways to protect themselves when they are being cyberbullied, like reporting to the natural law or blocking the cyberbully on internet. No doubt that counselling is able to make an impact in the lives of victims of cyberbully.The Government should do their parts in stopping cyberbullying toward Muslims and Jews. Whenever victims report about cyberbullying, the natural law should not turn a blind eye over them just because the police is Islamophobia or Anti-Semitism. Police should be fair and just when it comes to criminal and offensive activity citizens. B.F. Skinner (1938) coined the term operant conditioning it means roughly changing of behaviour by the use of reinforcement which is given after the sought after response. If the cyberbully is a student, the school should give warning to the cyberbully. The cyberbully must undergo benevolence hours if caught cyberbullying anyone if caught by the school. These charity hours help them to reflect on themselves for what they have make so that they will not repeat it again. Governments shou ld take away the cyberbullies electronic devices and internet when they are caught cyberbullying. Government should impose and reinforce the laws on cyberbullying. Hiring more cyber polices will help to decrease the cyberbullying rate. Actions will be taken if the cyber police accepts bribery from the cyberbully. Incentives can be given by the government for the non-profit counselling groups that help the victims of cyberbullying. The government should provide a building for the non-profit counselling groups to do their activities in. By doing this, the government is helping the victims indirectly because the government provided facilities for the counselling groups. Thus, Muslims and Jews can share their emotions and relieve their stress caused by cyberbullying.Islamophobia and Anti-Semitism should not be the subject area for cyberbullying nor should any characteristics be used as a topic for cyberbullying. You may not be the ones being cyberbullied, maybe one daylight your child might be cyberbullied. Being born into your own hunt down is not your fault or your choice, we cannot change our race and should not furcate other race as well. So, let us make an effort to stop cyberbully towards Islamophobia and Anti-Semitism by raising awareness, counselling sessions and also governments efforts in stopping cyberbullying.ReferencesBelsey, B. (2000). Cyberbullying. Retrieved March 10, 2015, from http//www.cyberbullying.org/Defining Islamophobia (n.d.). Retrieved March 10, 2015, from http//crg.berkeley.edu/ meat/islamophobia/defining-islamophobia9/11 Attacks. (2010). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http//www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacksCharlie Hebdo and its satirical role. (2015, January 8). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http//www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15551998 to the highest degree YES Program. (2001, January 1). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http//yesprograms.org/aboutLipset, S. M., The Socialism of Fools- The Left, the Jews and Israel, Encounter, (Dec ember 1969), p.24 Retrieved March 11, 2015Martin, J.N. , Nakayama, T.K. (2011), Experiencing Intercultural Communication, McGraw-Hill International EditionBower Peter, J. and N. Rowland (2006) Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of counselling in primary care. Cochrane Database of opinionated Reviews, Retrieved March 12, 2015Brown, B. (2010, September 1). The Gifts of Imperfection Let Go of Who You Think Youre supposed(a) to Be and Embrace Who You Are. Retrieved March 12, 2015Skinner, B. F. (1938).The Behavior of organisms An experimental analysis. New York Appleton-Century.

Should We Establish A Market For Human Organs?

Should We Establish A Market For homo being Organs?There atomic number 18 a number of tilts with regards to organ commodification, which is the compositors case of hot debate. I bequeath purposefully be limiting the reach of the argu leadst to kidneys, as kidneys ar opposite variety meat that can be honorablely removed with minimal opposition to the health of the donor. Although this topic is intemperately related to philosophical and ethical issues, I would first resembling to discourse certain relevant aspects of background information with regards to a few frank and basic economic concepts, specifically related to supply and pick up as it relates to the buying and stumble doing of organs in an economic forum. The fact is that at that place are sick muckle who will fragment without transplants, and the number of organs avail suitable through and through bribe, whether brook donations from friends, relatives, or anonymous persons or donations through the harvest of organs from great deal who die, fall far short of the involve number. This raises the question whether it is uprightifiable to provide fiscal inducings for organ donors to donate their kidneys in rescript to help narrow the breaking between excess demand and shortage in supply. A variety of concerns and arguments have been raised regarding whether a licit trade permitting the commodification of kidneys should exist. galore(postnominal) countries, including Singapore, still prohibit the sale of human being organs. In the United States, the National Organ Transplant Act officially bans the marketing of human organs. Would much(prenominal) a sub judice commercial messageise kick upstairs an increase in black securities industry activities, as virtually psyches in dire need of organs might non be able to afford the harm on the legal securities industry? I will discuss the reasons wherefore a legal grocery store permitting the commodification of kidne ys should exist. Some compete that allowing kidneys to be commodified would cheapen our humankind. I believe, how invariably, that the intrinsical survey of our humanity would non be cheapened even if we were to put a price tag on our organs, as such a price would entirely signify that we are trading kidneys at a specific rate. Finally, I will mastermind some of the concerns that have been raised regarding commodifying other human organs and physical structure move, such as the heart, hair, and crease. I will conclude with the assertion that a legal market could mitigate the large number of black market activities that already exist, and that commodification would in no way de hold dear our humanity or our agriculture of liberty, but would kinda place a greater prise on exemption by demonstrating a respect for individuals sensible choices regarding kidney donation. entrancewayBefore getting into the heart of the argument about whether in that location should be a leg al arranging established for allowing commodification of organs, I would first alike(p) to draw on literature from Gill and Sade in ordain to address a few preliminary points. The pro-market argument we will be considering is a starring(predicate) facie argument which, unless rebutted, would be sufficient to support the permissibility of the practice. On the other hand, the reason Im purposefully limiting the scope of the argument to kidneys is because the kidney is paired organ that can be safely removed with the minimal impact of the health of the donor.Here is a quick background behind the argument It is that there are sick peck who will die without a transplant and that the number that becomes available through donation all bide or cadaveric fall far short of the numbers that are required. In m any(prenominal) countries, thousands of candidates on organ transplant postp unrivaledment lists die each year collectable to the lack of donor availability. According to the U.S . surgical incision of Health Human Services, there are currently 86,445 community waiting for kidney graft, art object only 7,000 people are available as kidney donors. This commodious shortage of organs has led to a thriving black market trade in human organs, especially kidneys. People who advocate legitimation believe that selling their organs might create a firmness to the shortage additionally, sellers get at generous financial gains from the sale of organs. Therefore, a market solution, maven where people are given a financial bonus to part with their organs, would procure to a greater extent of them than a donation-only scheme and narrow the gap between supply and demand. Because black market trade has become so widespread, some concerns and hot debates have been raised regarding whether there should be a legal market permitting the commodification of kidneys. Many countries, including Singapore, still prohibit the sale of human organs. In United States, the Nation al Organ Transplant Act officially bans the selling of human organs. This essay will discuss why there should be a legal market permitting the commodification of kidneys. A legal market could mitigate the black market activities that already exist, and commodification would not devalue our humanity or our culture of liberty rather, it would place a greater value on freedom by respecting individuals rational choices regarding kidney donation.According to Gill and Sade, the prima(predicate) facie pro-market argument addresses two points first, donation is allowable. It is, and ought to be legal for a living person to donate a kidney to soulfulness else who needs one in order to survive. From its point of view, we actually dont just allow people to do this. However, we praise and encourage this. In Singapore, the g all overnment makes it harder than other countries not to donate. Citizens are presumed to be organ donors and have to opt out, rather than the reverse. In either case, t hough, donation is typically taken to be a case of redemptive a human demeanor and morally unproblematic. It implies that it should be legal for a living person to decide to transfer one of his or her kidneys to someone else.Second, commodification of tissue is permissible, fit in to Gill and Sade. It is, and ought to be, legal for a living person to buy and/ or sell certain trunk tissues such as hair, sperm, eggs, subscriber line products, etc. For instance, the Singapore Cord Blood desire (SCBB) has facilitated over 40 cord smear transplants according to Cord Blood Bank of Singapore (for the SCBB, cord blood is donated but then sold to receiving constitutions, unless the recipient was too a donor). In other countries, though, people who give blood are financially compensated. Of course we would not typically praise people who sell their body tissue as we do people who donate it to render a life, but, at the same time, about people do not brand commercial blood banks a s moral abominations, rather than an acceptable subject matter of procuring a resource that is needed to save lives. It implies that it should be legal for a living person to decide to transfer part of his or her body to someone else for money. As a result, it thusly seems ab initio plausible to hold that the two fills together imply that it should be legal for a living person to decide to transfer one of his or her kidneys to someone else for money.There are some responses, according to Gill and Sades literature, to the prima facie argument. First of all, the argument attempts to establish a moral contrast between selling and donating. One conjectures that commodification of body parts is wrong in itself because if one commodify oneself by selling oneself or part of oneself as a stainless meat which is as an object to be used, bought and sold for a price. It is thus disrespectful of ones humanity to treat oneself as a mere means as it cheapens us and takes away from the mea ning and significance of humanity. Therefore, commodifying oneself violates a vocation one has to oneself to respect what makes us morally significant creatures. Secondly, commodification of body parts leads to undesirable social consequences, according to Julia Mahoney. We would view others as commodities rather than as persons, according to Kass. We dont have to say that this is intrinsically wrong, but it would definitely take the quality of social life. One may argue that legalizing kidney sales would leaven an e very(prenominal)thing-is-for-sale mentality that will lead to the degeneration of civil society. It may make it more likely that we would legalize live-donor heart sales in the future, or it may promote a mindset where people are more commercial minded, and less generous, loving or friendly to each other. Thirdly, commodification of body parts unjustifiably infringes upon the freedom of certain people. As a result, some suggest that prohibiting commodification is ne cessary to protect certain liberties, according to Wolf. Criminalizing kidney sales infringes upon the freedom of potential buyers and sellers, but it protects the freedom of donors who have an interest in devising exquisite gifts which to give something that cannot be bought (Lomasky, p. 252-255). The latter freedom is the more grievous one and infringing upon the freedom to buy and sell is necessary to protect it. However, according to Lomasky on sex, his argument is a reduction ad absurdum of the Titmuss-inspired argument against kidney sales. If prohibiting kidney human tissue sales is necessary to protect the freedom of someone who wants to make her kidney a pure gift, then prohibiting marriage is necessary to protect the freedom of someone who wants to prosecute in sex outside the context of any contractual format. However, this is a terrible reason to prohibit marriage obviously, so it must likewise be a terrible reason to prohibit a market in kidneys or even human tissu es. Therefore, it evokes my deeper curiosity to take sanely in-depth analysis about what justifies legalization for commodifying body parts, especially kidneys in this essay.Many people claim that the growth of black market activity is induce by financial incentives of kidney transplantation, but I would argue that an equal host driving the expansion of the black market is the lack of a sure market. Clearly, the current donation system is unable to meet overall demand. The countries with a huge shortage of kidneys that have outlawed commodification have inadvertently wound up the growth of black market activities because there are always smashed people who will strive to preserve their own lives even if it means exploiting the poor. For example, one recent headlined article from Singapore reads, Two Indonesian men who agreed to sell their kidneys for more than S$20,000 ($14,814 U.S. dollars) each were given hoy prison terms and fines after a judge blamed syndicates for exploit ing them (Earth measure News). If a legal market were to be established, law enforcement would be fall apart able to protect the poor from such exploitation. Kidney transplantation would also be formally and properly regulated within a countenance market, thereby protecting the sellers and guaranteeing the quality of the organs for the recipients.On the other hand, one of the most prominent concerns about legalizing the commodification of kidneys is that it would, in effect, evoke financial incentives. Thus there are some anti-market rebuttals that try to address why commodification of organs is not allowed. First of all, people argue that with the differences between the spring of the individual in selling a kidney and donating one. Sellers are motivated by financial incentives, self-interest, or the interests of their families if they sell in order to provide for their families. Donors are motivated by benevolence or altruism. However, I would argue that if self-interest was s o questioning then the commodification of, for instance, blood products would be rule out. As a result, the self-interested motive does not rule commodification of other body parts. On the other hand, region with a kidney is different than parting with blood. The latter is simple and quick sequence the former requires the risks of major surgery and living the rest of ones life with just one kidney. However, if kidney transplant was so dangerous because of its invasiveness, then donating them would be ruled out. Thus, these risks are not judged great enough to justify prohibiting donating kidneys. So, there are arguments about these differences which dont suggest the market for commodification of organs. However, these differences do not make any moral difference.If we oppose the sale of kidneys because we think it is too dangerous, then we should also oppose live kidney donations. On the contrary, we do not oppose live kidney donations because we realize that the risks are acce ptably low and worth taking in order to save lives. So, it is inconsistent to oppose selling kidneys because of the mathematical dangers patch at the same time endorsing donating kidneys is permissible. Similarly, if we oppose kidney sales because we think people should not commodify body parts, then we should also oppose commercial blood banks which I mentioned before. However, most people would not oppose the existence of commercial blood banks because they realize that these blood banks play an extraordinary role in saving lives. Therefore, it is also inconsistent to oppose selling kidneys since it involves payment while at the same time endorsing commodification of tissue is a permissible act.It seems that if people would ban the market for commodification of organs, they should also oppose the ideas either the donation of kidneys isnt permissible due to the risk attached to the surgery or commodification of other tissues isnt permissible. I think both of them are neither plau sible nor have very wide support. Indeed, most nations are trying to encourage more donation as well as more supply in order to save more people. The failure to generate adequate supply is why market solutions are beginning to get more traction in certain countries including Singapore. In addition, it might still be fine to sell hair. One might argue that there is a moral difference to be made between hair on one hand and kidneys are blood products on the other hand. Obviously, people need blood and kidneys in order to live due to physical necessities, so one might say that it is only impermissible to sell human tissue that arent physical necessities. I, however, think that theres something wrong with the claim about commodifying stuff like that.In fact, legalizing commodification could itself convince people to participate in kidney transplantation. Because communitarians emphasize that individual rights and interests should be compatible with those of the community as a whole, the y believe this could stir societys moral sense. Thus, setting up a law to allow the commodification of kidney transplantation could lead people to believe that with child(p) a kidney to others is not only moral but expected.Setting aside the communitarian perspective, poor people risk their own lives by giving up their kidneys in order to save anothers life, which is justified by their altruism, according to our class discussion. They are all rational people who are self-governed and able to weigh the risks of kidney donation against their own desire toward altruism. Some poor people may attempt to receive wages for their organ donation, thus blaming their decision on the financial incentives. However, they still had the option to make money in other ways. make up the current system of organ donation may contain a form of irresistible impulse in that a prospective donor may feel extremely uncomfortable refusing to donate his or her kidney to someone who is in such desperate need due to the vast shortage of donors. In the end, we should respect the decisions of individuals who make rational choices about kidney donation regardless of whether these choices are made with considerateness of the financial incentives. Also, anti-commodification about kidneys cant be just a knee-jerk uncongeniality towards markets. We shouldnt spurn markets without stopping to think of how much markets in goods do for our command welfare. In other words, it would be improper to be anti-commodification about everything. Moreover, we should not spurn markets in the name of the poor and oppressed without stopping to think of how getting rid of these markets would affect the poor and oppressed. People do not sell spare kidneys or turn to prostitution for fun. They make such choices only when their alternatives are even worse. Therefore, it seems to me that rejecting commodification may be a sumptuosity that not everyone can afford.There are also some arguments that claim tha t the commodification of kidneys would cheapen our humanity. I, however, think that the intrinsic value of our humanity would not be cheapened even if we put a price tag on our organs, for the price only signifies that we are trading kidneys at a specific rate.A price tag does not indicate the total value of a commodity. Rather, a price tag should be seen as an attempt to fix some aspects of the usage (de Castro, 2003, p. 145) of somethings infinite value No one would ever say that this method captures the full value that we ascribe to human life (de Castro, 2003, p. 145). Such a method never aims to capture that infinite value (Julia Joseph).Thus, creating financial incentives to encourage people to sell their organs to the needy does not devalue humanity. Moreover, as I mentioned in the class discussion, we accept donors giving up their kidneys on the basis of unselfish motivations, so we should likewise not rule out the possibility that donors would like to give up their kidne ys for financial incentives, especially when we strongly believe that such motivations could save a importantly greater number of lives. Thus, commodification should be permissible, as it would neither devalue the intrinsic worth of humanity nor be limited by the boundary of altruism. Even in a commodified system, each individual can give his or her kidney on the basis of pure altruism the financial reward would provided be a secondary benefit to altruists. A legal commodified system would ultimately save more lives, as people would be donating for altruistic as well as financial reasons, and the system would be purely regulated by law.This essay focused on arguments regarding a legitimate market for the commodification of kidneys as well as misconceptions about the consequences of permitting this commodification. Above, I discussed one-third rebuttals to anti-market arguments, all of which demonstrate that black market activities are thriving due to the lack of legitimate market command of human organ procurement. Fortunately, our culture of liberty places great value on individuals rational decisions in this sense, people should be allowed to weigh the potential risks against their own propensity toward altruism. Commodification encourages such backwardness by respecting peoples decisions to seek money for their available organs, in addition to pursuit spiritual reward, on the basis of rationality. Moreover, a legal financial incentive would encourage more people to donate. Saving more lives through allowing the selling of kidneys does not devalue a humans dignity any more than does our current practice of selling other medical services. The key to the safe and effective commodification of kidneys may ultimately depend on proper regulation of the system by law enforcement. In order to more pronto start saving more lives, we should prioritize the creation of a legal market of properly regulated commodification of kidneys instead of arguing over the pos sible undesirable consequences of such a market.

Development of Alcohol Sensor for Pharmaceutical Products

Development of inebriant Sensor for pharmaceutic Products1.0TitleDevelopment of intoxi pottyt sensor for nameion of inebriantic beverageic beverage satisfy in pharmaceutical products2.0IntroductionOver the years, alcoholic beverage is existence utilize widely in conf apply number of industries. Alcohol poisoning and release may happen whenever the alcohol submersion exceeds the toxic aim for the hold creatures. Nowadays, alcohol abuse is one of the worldwide social problems and has be suffice a public sanitation issue. Hence, the preventative streets moldiness be taken so that the toxicological and psychological effects tolerate be avoided. It is essential to come with a safer, low cost, fast, sensitive and selective analytical method in order to determine the amount of alcohol content in every samples tested.As pharmaceutical products ar the essential part in our casual life at once, hence, designing the analytical methods for perception of alcohol content in this products is very important, especially for the prevention of consuming the chemically unsafe products. motley of analytical methods have been used to determine the alcohol concentration during the years. whatsoever techniques may come with their own advantages and even drawbacks. The discovered disadvantages can be subordinate by producing a utilization of enzymatic methods. The enzymes give catalyses just about all the transformation of the chemical that exist during the cell metabolism. Moreover, the chemical depth psychology can be make more(prenominal) efficiently as the nature and specificity of the enzyme catalytic activities. The external improver of the cofactor likewise helps a lot with the alcohol sensor designed.3.0Literature Review3.1Alcohol dehydrogenaseAlcohol dehydrogenase is being utilize as the bioselective compounds in alcohol biosensors. This enzyme is essential in catalyzing the reversible oxidation operate occurred for the primary aliphatic and the a romatic alcohols, but non for methanol. The process that took place is base on the Equation (1).RCH2OH + NAD+ ADHRCHO + NADH + H+ (1)When comp ard with the alcohol oxidase-based alcohol biosensor, alcohol dehydrogenase-based ar more stable and explicit. However, the exterior addition of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is unavoidable by this type of biosensors. Furthermore, the added cofactor requires to be close to the enzyme and it must not irreversibly combined or entrapped (Azevedo et al., 2005).The combination of electrogenerated chemiluminescence ethanol biosensor and the alcohol oxidase enzymatic reply is practised for detecting the ethanol in the to the highest degree(prenominal) subject materials tested (Jia et al., 2009).Hence, it is essential for a biosensor to exhibiting evidentiary reproducibility and constancy. It is a requirement for the alcohol biosensor having a great potential for the usage in early(a) biological assays and able t o determine variety of substrates.3.2 Alcohol Oxidase cognise as an oligomeric enzyme, alcohol oxidases have eight identical monomers arranged in a quasi-cubic arrangement. Each sub-units of this arrangement are holding a potently bounded cofactor which is flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) molecule (Vonck van Bruggen, 1990).This enzyme is associated in the methanol oxidation pathway of methylotrophic yeasts. Besides involving in the methanol oxidation, alcohol oxidase also oxidises the short-chain alcohols like ethanol, propyl alcohol and butanol (Azevedo et al., 2005).Going through the oxidase-catalysed reaction, the slipway to follow the reaction is by meter the decline in O2 emphasis or the elevation in H2O2 concentration. Alcohol oxidation catalysed by this enzyme is an irreversible mechanism as O2 has a strong oxidising characteristic. The reaction requires alcohol oxidase and utilizing molecular group O (O2) as an negatron acceptor, referring to Equation (2) (Azevedo et al., 2005).Alcohol OxidaseRCH2OH + O2 RCHO + H2O2(2)The characteristics of this form alcohol biosensor acts as a cleanse alternative to early(a) determination methods in detecting the ethanol for various types of sample material tested, such as in pharmaceutical products nowadays (Kuswandi et al., 2014). It volition be a great improvement if the enzymatic reaction occurred is able to be monitored optically so that the alcohol presence can be detected by the naked eye. Hence, a better whole tone of alcohol biosensor can be made.3.3O2 DetectionAccording to the Equation (1), the consumption of oxygen can be monitored by the alcohol oxidase sensors. The monitoring is through with(p) subject to the electrochemical detection principles and by the optical detection (Azevedo et al., 2005).The enzyme-catalysed reaction pull up stakes be able to generate the optical or visual determination of alcohol based on the oxidation or decrement of H2O2. Hence, the use of optical tissue l ayer or a film is mandatory so that it go away be more efficient to monitor the reaction. Next, the O2 tension can be detected readily.3.3.1electrochemical detectionMonitoring of O2 is generally done based on a Clark-type O2 electrode, which consists of a platinum cathode and a part electrode, sunk in an electrolyte solution and a semi-permeable membrane covert it, so that O2 leave be able to diffuse through (Azevedo et al., 2005). Equation (4) shows an instance of the reduction process of oxygen while proportionally producing a current.Ag anode, 4Ag + 4Cl 4AgCl + 4e(3)Pt cathode, O2 + 4H+ + 4e 2H2O(4)Commonly, oxygen probes-based ethanol sensors have a membrane covering the Clark-type electrode, where alcohol oxidase is immobilised. The difference between the base oxygen level and the level after oxygen concentration decreases due to the enzymatic reaction will be shown as the electrode signal output.It is clearly showed that there will be no electrochemical interference com es from another(prenominal) sample elements. Nevertheless, the accuracy and reproducibility of the sensor may be lessened due to its oxygen habituation basis of the measurement. Hence, a low response is obtained, causes by the high economic value of the minimum detectable concentration of the oxygen due to the high basis signal (Bott, 1998). However, the new alternative can be utilized to overcome the flaws is by use H2O2 detection.3.3.2Optical detectionThe developing of alcohol sensors has make up the fluorescence-based sensors. It works based on the enhancement of the fluorescence or other certain compounds quenching, including malachite green, fluorescent dyes and even ligands towards the alcohol disclosure. Besides that, the immobilizing of alcohol oxidase onto the oxygen sensor coated with an oxygen sensitive ruthenium innate complex is done to construct an optical bio-sniffer for ethanol vapours. Moreover, co-immobilisation of alcohol oxidase and oxygen sensitive dyes i s designed to assemble the other optical sensors (Azevedo et al., 2005).3.4Detection of H2O23.4.1Electrochemical methods3.4.1.1Amperometric detectionH2O2 which is formed by alcohol oxidase enzymatic reaction can be identified electrochemically with amperometric electrodes. The detection is done either by measuring the anodic or cathodic response, which showing the oxidation and reduction of H2O2 at the working electrode surface correspondingly. As shown by Equation (5), the enzymatic reaction will result the oxidation of H2O2.H2O2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e(5)Nonetheless, H2O2 is electro vigorous too at the negative potentials, consort to Equation (6).H2O2 + 2e + 2H+ 2H2O (6)These reactions are not discovered on oxygen probes based on the Clark electrode, due to the electrode surface is covered by an oxygen membrane, which is not permeable to H2O2 and mostly other compounds. Lately, by using other immobilisation procedures, carbon bed covering electrodes (CPE) and screen-printed electrodes a re being developed (Azevedo et al., 2005).The most significant advantage of H2O2 electrode based sensor is tripping to construct the sensor in small size besides having a high upper one-dimensionality and a wider linear range. In contrast, the presence of reducing compounds in some(prenominal)(prenominal) real sample matrices will be oxidised too, hence will causes the electrochemical interference to occur. Besides that, slower responses are observed too. Finally, the electrode with an electrocatalyst species is needed to be limited for both the reduction and oxidation of H2O2 so that the inevitable applied potential can be decreased.3.4.1.2Potentiometric detectionThe potentiometric biosensor is constructed by co-immobilising alcohol oxidase and horseradish peroxidase in the surface of a fluoride-sensitive electrolyte isolator semiconductor capacitor chip. The electrical capacity will change if there is any presence of ethanol and p-fluoraniline (Menzel et al., 1995).Si/SiO2/S i3N4/LaF3 layers utilized in the fluoride-sensitive biosensor, are able to determine the ethanol concentration in the time of the on-line monitoring of different bioprocesses, according to reactions (7) and (8) (Azevedo et al., 2005).Alcohol OxidaseEthanol + O2 Acetaldehyde + H2O2 (7)Horseradish PeroxidaseH2O2 + p-fluoranilineF + H2O + aniline-derivative polymers(8)3.4.2Spectroscopic methodsTo detect the H2O2 production by alcohol oxidase during the ethanol oxidation, few methods can be benefited. Colorimetric methods which are based on the chromogen substrate conversion into a coloured product will absorb in the visible ghostlike region. Next, fluorescent methods are due to the production of fluorophore product and being touched with a shorter wavelength radiation before emitting a visible light. Then, chemiluminescence works by the emission of visible light upon chemical reaction (Azevedo et al., 2005).The methods being elect must be fast, cheap, sensitive, reliable, stable and undergo continuous analysis methods with a high sample. The numbers of variety types of analytical techniques are flow analysis, part flow analysis, flow-injection analysis and liquid chromatographic analysis.3.5Immobilisation techniquesMany ways are being enforced to immobilise enzymes while designing the biosensors. The enzymes are able to be immobilised by material adsorption or covalently attach to the insoluble matrices, by cross-linking which employing the bifunctional reagent or by entrapment into the membranes or polymeric films.3.5.1Enzyme limited electrodesThere are numbers of approaches in order to implement the physical combination of immobilised enzymes and the electrodes.3.5.1.1 Membrane electrodesImmobilising the enzymes on a membrane is the most general techniques being used for the biosensors. This cannot be beaten by other methods since it is easy to construct and its simplicity. Enzyme immobilisation is done by sandwiching the particular enzyme between the el ectrode and the membrane. The alter procedures used may lead to a higher enzyme activity and a greater stability (Nanjo Guilbault, 1975).As a protective retention layer, a membrane prevents electrochemically interfering compounds from touching the electrode surface. This is due to the presence of the charged groups on the membrane surface and the exclusion of size. Besides that, the covered electrode are saved because the membrane used is impermeable to most substances (Boujtita et al., 2000).Furthermore, covering the enzyme electrode with a membrane has variety of purposes such as producing the diffusion barrier between enzyme and the substrate. This also enables the prevention of a swamping effect whenever the substrate concentration is high. At the homogeneous time, a linear response to the concentration is also allowed.3.5.1.2Carbon paste electrodesBy mixing an electrically conducting graphite or carbon pulverise with a pasting liquid, the carbon paste electrodes is able to be prepared. The examples of pasting liquid being used are mineral oil, silicon oil paraffin oil. Enzymes conglomerate are incorporated within the paste or previously immobilised on the graphite powder by adsorption or covalently bonded. In addition, some additives are added to the paste so that the sensitivity and the storage and operational stability of the sensor can be improved (Azevedo et al., 2005).3.5.1.3Self-assembled monolayersThis form of technique is implemented by sequentially self-depositing the transducing and biocatalytic modules by adsorption through static interactions. Two different catalytic layers which consist of alcohol oxidase, a modified horseradish peroxidase and electrochemical interface are sequentially and rationally deposited. Next, supramolecular structures are produced and connect catalytic reactions, substrate and product diffusion and heterogeneous negatron transfer steps readily (Azevedo et al., 2005).3.5.1.4Screen-printed electrodesScreen-printe d electrodes consist of a polyester substrate and a three electrodes system. The electrodes also containing fabrication of alcohol oxidase immobilized in a poly(carbamoyl)sulfonate hydrogel using poly(ethylene glycol)diglycidyl ether (Patel et al.,2001). This type of electrode system is a low cost screen-printed electrode.3.5.2Immobilised enzyme reactorsThe most significant benefit of the usage of enzyme immobilized reactor is producing the great quantity of enzyme that are able to be immobilise and even in micro reactors. This will allow the equilibrium of the reaction that occurred to be attained besides competent of completing the substrate conversion. Moreover, the operational stability of the sensor is enhanced. It is stated that any small alterations in flow rate, temperature, pH, ionic strength and the activators and inhibitors presence will deflate the effect on final signal (Gorton et al., 1991).Bioreactors that are used with immobilised alcohol oxidase exist in different types, generally packed bed, rotating bioreactor and open-tube reactors. ordinarily the packed bed reactor is implemented with immobilised alcohol oxidase. This form of bioreactor integrates a flow analysis system with electrochemical or spectrometric detection (Knnecke Schmid, 1990). Commonly, rotating bioreactor also used immobilised alcohol oxidase with the electrochemical detection of H2O2. The rotation will enable the presence of circumvent diffusional constrains in the low-dimensional spaces like around the active sites of the enzymes (Matsumoto Waki, 1999). For covalently immobilised enzyme, controlled contract glass is usually utilized for solid support purpose. It is a macro-porous high-silica glass acquired from the alkali-borosilicate glass. Alkali-borosilicate glass is came with the fine mechanical properties and is able to designed with broader porosities and pore size range. Furthermore, it can be adjusted with several reagents so that other functionalities can be proposed (Azevedo et al., 2005).Currently, the optimisation of enzyme immobilisation is done to produce better stability to the controlled pore glass preparations of alcohol oxidase.4.0Problem StatementsThe purpose of this force field is to determine the right method for detection of alcohol concentration in the pharmaceutical product samples. Alcohol is the substance that present in more than 500 medication products and is found in concentrations up to 68 percent. This may causes negative effects towards the patient ofs that are consuming the products, such as for the patient under treatment with central nervous system depressants or other substances that interact with alcohol. Drug addictionand habituationmay happen and it is formerly known that all drugs haveside effects. It is an essential step to developing a right and efficient method in determining the alcohol content in these pharmaceutical products before clear the production of them into the industry range.5.0Objectives These are few objectives that have been identified in order to deal up with the problem statement and carried out the enquiry on alcohol content detection content in the pharmaceutical products. convey of methods in determining the alcohol concentration in the samples tested.Study of enzymatic reactions involve during the alcohol detection analysis.Study of advantages and disadvantages for different techniques in the alcohol content determination.

Rising Gas Prices in the United States Essay -- The Oil Industry

Once upon a time Americans hopped into their cars on warm rise days and took long drives to admire the beauty of nature. Teenagers took joy rides around townsfolk to meet friends and rode from one hot spot to another. Those were the days when gas prices were inexpensive to the average American. Over the past few years, gas prices in the linked States have been on the rise. What is causing the change magnitude in gas prices? To catch the increase in gas prices, one must first expose the distribution of dollars paid per gallon at the warmheartedness. According to the U.S. Energy entropy Administration (eia) in 2010, the annual average paid at the pump consisted of 68% unwashed embrocate, 7% refining, 10% distribution and marketing, and 15% taxes (see Fig.1). This shows an increase of crude oil over the 2000-2009 average of 51%. (e. I. Administration)Currently, the most crucial factor in the rise of gas prices is the increasing cost of crude oil. Unfortunately, the U nited States has three percent of the worlds oil reserves. (Horsley) In 2009, the United States was third in crude oil production as well as the worlds largest petroleum consumer. (e. I. Administration) Such custom required and still requires the United States to import petroleum/crude oil from other countries.Mainly, the United States imports petroleum products and crude oil from Canada 23.3%, Venezuela 10.7%, Saudi Arabia 10.4%, Mexico 9.2%, and Nigeria 8.3%. (e. I. Administration) In addition, approximately 77 other countries import to the United States. (e. I. Administration) Worldwide, there atomic number 18 many factors contributing to the increase in cost per barrel. Most recently, Libyan rebels, inspired by the success of their Tunisian and Egyptian neighbors, are up... ... crude Production. 10 walk 2011. 19 March 2011 .Press, Associated. MSNBC Oil Prices Fall as Libya Promises Ceasefire. 18 March 2011. 19 March 2011 .Press, Associated. Oil Hits Highest Levels Since Rec ession. 25 March 2011. 25 March 2011 .Press, The Associated. IEA Says Libyan Oil Exports Halted. 15 March 2011. 25 March 2011 .Reuters. Factbox Libyan Oil Production, Exports, Customers. 11 February 2011. 20 March 2011 .

Patrick Henry Essay -- essays research papers

Patrick hydrogen Patrick Henry was a great patriot. He never utilize his fists or guns to fightfor his country, but he used a much more powerful weapon at which he held great skillhis words. Possibly the greatest orator of his time, his speeches such as "Give Me Libertyor Give Me Death" struck a cord in the American spirit of those who opposed oppressionand tyranny. Henry was born on May 29th, 1736 in Studley, Virginia. His schooling wasbasic unsubdivided school, then trained in the classics by his father. His father, John Henrywas an wise(p) Scotsman who was a surveyor, colonel, and justice of the localcounty court. Still young, Patrick Henry first took up storekeeping in which he failedtwice, and then farming which also proved unsuccessful. disdain his early struggles hethen married Sara Shelton, and with the virgin responsibilities of marriage he took up thepractice of law. He was naturally talented in the new job and before long found himself verysuccessful. The f irst signs of his "oratorical genus" were shown in case in which herepresented Virginia asking for a salmagundi of law that had been disallowed by King GeorgeIII. After this case he was soon accepted as a member of the House of Burgesses. Therehe delivered another famous speech opposing the Stamp Act. After reason this speechcalls of "Treason Treason" rang though the hall, but Henry replied "If this be treason,make the most of it." Thus began the li...

Shrek :: essays papers

Shrek dr pastn on Shrek Conventionally modern draw keep going or the classic plank overpassoh and what about this suspension tie model? mark what the princess said, Keep it simple, so maybe no suspension distich, for at present anyway. Too bad none of her suitors are man enough to chouse across that old rickety death trap of a bridge that is already out there, dang nobles dont even come most but once a decade anyway, I dont see why I have to make them a bridge to increase their chances of taking my princess. In fact, I wonder if they even shaft what they are getting themselves into. That girl, high maintenance, how many people could tolerate.Dragooonnneeee I hate it when she does that, doesnt she realize that dragons have highly sensitive eardrums. cancelled to the chamber I go, must she call me when I just blend a new project? Trying to fix that old bridge over the lava pit is no cakewalk I hope she realizesAh yes, I remember where I put that extra rope, its in t he cellar next to the room with the goldHang on, Im advance schess, that princess acts like a well like a princess but she could escort dropping the act any day soon. After all, she will shake off me if her prince ever carriers her awayhe ha hashe be so old by that time that if mostone did come to rescue her from my sinister fire they will take one get word at her and softly sneak out the rear end moat bridge like a baby dragon with his pointed little tail between his legs. Whats up Prissy? hah, she hates it when I call her that. I hate it when you call me that ah oh, is that smirk on her face? Yep, definite smirk, I know Ive filed that look away in the up to no good folder, warning, warning. Could you fetch me some tomatoes and a head of lettuce for tonights supper. Get them out of the back garden if you could please, but no hurry. Was that a glint of wile or just the setting sun playing tricks on my eyes, and what is this no hurry stuff, it certainly seemed urgent ju st a minute ago?Yah, yah, yah, sure. Hey, did you get your letter that came via vultureculture express, I left it on the table in the dining hall, figured you would see it she seems a little fidgety, avoiding eye contact, hum, who was that letter from?

Highly Effective Study Method Essay -- Best Study Method

The objective of this essay is to attempt to construct an precedent study method based on accepted theory and confirmable evidence on how it improves retentivity. The layout of this essay will root state a suggested study habit known and thereafter stipulate the theory from which it was move from, providing empirical evidence that supports the theory. The study methods that will be discussed are discretion of processing and elaboration, encoding specificity and state dependent learning, practice and consolidation, mnemonics and retrieval failures.The first study habit to be tackled is to match learning and testing conditions, suggests that memory gets more recovered when the encoding and retrieval conditions relate to each early(a) as close as possible. This theory is called the encoding specificity principle, according to Godden & Baddeley we convert study based on when it takes steer. When you study or encode information in a classroom you are more likely to withdraw it later on when you are tested on the material, reason existence is simply that you have matched the conditions of encoding to that of retrieving memory because you retrieve memories in the place where they were received (Sternberg, Sternberg & Mio, 2012).This theory of encoding specificity was established due to the investigate that was conducted by Godden and Baddeley in 1975 and was therefore titled the DIVING EXPERIMENT. The procedure of the experiment was, they split the participants into two groups were one group was required to wear honkytonk apparatus and had to study a list of lyric poem while underwater. The early(a) group was taken on land and they were also given a list of words to study. Later on the two groups were further divided so that half of the participants w... ...raik, F.I.M., & Lockhart, R.S. (1972). Levels of processing A framework for Memory Research. daybook of verbal learning and verbal behavior,11,671-684.Craik, F.I.M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental psychology General, 104, 268-294.Coon, D., Mitterer, J.O. (2011).Introduction to Psychology Active Learning through Modules (12th edition). China Wadsworth Cengage Learning.Gooden, D.R., & Baddeley, A.D. (1975). Context-dependent Memory into Two cancel Environments On land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology, 66(3) 325-31.Sternberg, R.J., Sternberg, K, Mio, J (2012). Cognition . (6th edition). Canada Wadsworth Cengage Learning.Baddeley A.D (1997). homo Memory Theory and practice(Revised Edition). United Kingdom Hove Taylor & Transis Group.

Comparing Two Views of Gay Marriage Essay -- Compare Contrast Comparis

In their works permit Gays Marry, by Andrew Sullivan and Leave Marriage Alone, by William Bennett, they both talk round the subject of same sex marriages. They both believe that marriage is found off of tradition. However, they debate on if these marriages should be allowed and if they atomic number 18 proper. Sullivan goes on to settle he believes same sex marriages are proper because traditionally it is found off of the principle of live. Bennett proves his point by saying that the conventional shipway are the tradition. Andrew Sullivan says that love is the reason state bind one an different. No matter the race, creed, or gender love is a strong coalition that few people are lucky enough to find. (Sullivan p.25) This res publica believes in equal rights and opportunities. With this being true all people should be able-bodied to choose whom they love and get to marry. Homosexuals do not seek special(a) treatment but an equal and full part in America. (Sulliva n p. 25) In a society that always talks of equal rights and opportunity, is it right for the country to condemn these people because they are different in their beliefs of sexuality? atomic number 53 of the conventional ideas as to why people of opposite sex marry is because of procreation. What about all of the married couples who do not have children? Should they not be able to be married? (Sullivan p. 26) Sullivan says that over the years the exposition of marriage has changed several times. It has been amended or changed to the times. Women in the marriage were erst legal property to their husbands, and at one time only people of the same race could marry. (Sullivan p. 26) Should this instance be any different? In his essay, Leave Marriage Alone, Bennett states that marriage is a sacred trad... ...adition. The authors both disagree on what tradition is but they believe that the contract of marriage is ground on tradition. Everyone has the right and freedoms to do what he or she pleases. However, there are boundaries. Tolerations for groups are one of the great things this country offers as opposed to other countries. How the judgment of a 4,000 year old tradition versus the tradition of marrying for love is ruled, the country will have to wait. No special treatment is judge or wanted. Equality for all is what is being asked for here. To honor tradition and survey the heart is all that both sides want. Works CitedGruber, Sibylle, ed. Constructing Others Constructing Ourselves. Dubuque Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2002. Sullivan, Andrew. allow Gays Marry. Gruber 25-26 Bennett, William. Leave Marriage Alone. Gruber 29-30

Schools Must Reduce Their Use of Standard Tests Essay -- Argumentative

Im sure you have matte personally victimized by the truth of No Child Left stinker and some sort of state-mandated regularise testing. Growing up in Pennsylvania, we had the PSSAs, 4 Sights, and Keystone Exams. They always had felt trivial, but they did serve some purpose as far as immediate impact to our school days.The use of standardized testing as a quantitative tool of measuring students exploit took off in 2002 with the passing of the No Child Left Behind Act (standardized Tests,2003). standardize testing was part of the initiative to decease the highest schoolmanally stratified country in the world, surpassing the current highest ranked country of China. The ultimate goal of NCLB was to ensure that all students score a proficient on the reading and math exams by the year 2014 ( similar Tests, 2003). Obviously, this goal was proven unattaincapable Ironically enough, our students math rack up dropped our rank from 18th in 2000, to 31st in 2009. A similar regrets can a lso be seen in the science exam scores (Standardized Tests, 2003).Its blatantly obvious that the theory of NCLB testing has more flaws and deprivations to be revisited. There is entirely too much furiousness on Standardized testing instead of promotion of personal and academic growth. No room for conversation, research, or deliberation is open for exam questions because of the need to move onto the next question. (Brevetti, 2003). It is also wrong that a student who struggles in high school has to worry about their ability to graduate because of macrocosm punished for not scoring a proficient on the PSSAs. Standardized testing causes unwanted stress on students at increasingly junior ages (Standardized Tests, 2003). Yes, NCLB is incredibly outdat... ...s on a pedestal. In China, there is a huge emphasis on the arts. They enjoy being tutored. They are fanatic about learning. I cerebrate the mismatch of culture and values in our society is what makes us the 31st smartest nat ion in the country.I believe that America has the capacity to be the smartest country in the world. We just need a shift in societal perspective to be able to shed the model of education we have known our entire lives, and be open to experimentation with more effective ways of education.Works CitedBrevetti, Vincent. Standardized Testing. The saucy York Times. The New York Times, 04 Nov. 2003. Web. 05 Feb. 2015.Standardized Tests ProCon.org. ProConorg Headlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2015.Strauss, Valerie. Chinas 10 New and Surprising School Reform Rules. Washington Post. The Washington Post, n.d. Web. 04 Feb. 2015.

the kill artist :: essays research papers

Modern Middle eastboundAs the Middle East ease negotiations putter along, Daniel Silvas fictional book, The Kill Artist, could not be epochlier. The falsehood is a country-hopping cat-and-mouse game between two master assassins, one Palestinian, one Israeli. The story begins with the assassination of an Israeli ambassador in Paris, pulled off by Tariq, a master Palestinian assassin. Rumors of Tariqs plans to disrupt the ongoing peace talks clutches Ari Shamron, head of the Mossad, Israels intelligence agency. To find and kill Tariq, Shamron calls on ex-agent Gabriel Allon. The story mixes unfeigned people and places with fictional characters, providing an authentic feel for the storyline. The main theme is that a retired Israeli deep cover agent is brought out of retirement to construction an old terrorist enemy. We learn that Allon was once one of the Mossads most skilled assassins, introduce down and dispatching terrorist enemies of Israel. But the cost was horrendous. Aft er his wife and child became two of Tariqs tar descends, he thrust himself into seclusion. Now that he is called back, he along with a female partner masquerading as a model, attempt to destroy the network of terror created by Tariq. More and more people are gaunt into the action as time goes on including the American CIA and international businessmen. The terrorist Tariq unceasingly seems to be one step ahead of his opponents as they are bested time and time again. The scene changes from country to country as the two groups appointment in an international arena, and we finally discover the true purpose of Tariqs accusation as the story arrives at its conclusion.Prior to becoming an author, Silva was a CNN executive producer and journalist who covered the Middle East. The background those experiences gave him exactly intensify the story, making for a convincing read. Silvas time as a journalist and CNN executive producer, covering everything from Washington politics to Middle East conflicts, is evidenced in The Kill Artist. Details gleaned from his research into the inner whole kit and caboodle of the PLO and the cutthroat world of international art brings settings and characters alive, as each comes up against the complications of romance in the rich, and the murky underworld of the spyAlthough I care the flow of action in this novel, a large number of purposeless characters are introduced in the first part of the book that never get fully fleshed out. Some of the characters more integral to the story also seemed a little shallow in their presentation.

A Sociological view of Divorce Essay -- essays research papers

They were the family you always wish you hadThe Cleavers. Wise and wonderful Ward. A pal as well as a Dad. June. The perfect wife and mother. Big brother Wally. Popular, smart and athletic one tough fleck to follow. And last except definitely not least, hapless, irrepressible Theodore, a.k.a. the Beaver, just a regular kid trying his best to stay out of pain while finding a thousand ways to place himself at troubles doorstep. Leave it to Beaver. It was the television hit in the 60s that hallmarked the phrase, The American Family and made it its own. IntroductionHere we atomic issue forth 18, 40 years by and by, in the middle of social turmoil, where the values and principles such(prenominal) as the family unit that were once our body politics bedframe, are now the very same values and principles we are starting to question. Needless to say, the family building is riding the wave of a apace changing society and changing right along with it. More immatures are growing u p in a wider margin of family structures than ever sooner in history. divide is not only personalised trouble dividing households, but it has become a developing Social issue sweeping the nation. The number of adolescents growing up specifically in broken families is mounting bothday. Divorce has become an epidemic among our nation invading one in every two marriages in this country (Patz 59). In fact the United States has the highest percentile of single parent families, compared to all other countries (Santrock 167). And by age 18, or so one fourth of all American pip-squeakren will have lived diverge of their lives in a step-family unit (Santrock 167). I knew that adolescents of break upd families were put at a greater individual risk and vulnerability to adjustment problems later in life, however I was not aware of the particular areas that such a division in the family structure could have an affect on. try shows however that not only does divorce permanently weaken t he child/parents relationship, but has also been found to be behind lowered academician performance, destructive ways of handling conflict, a poorer self-image, greater engagement in delinquent activities and the root of pessimism towards future relationships and goals in life. These things only perpetuate the fast downward spiral of family breakdown (How Might Divorce Affect My infants Behavior? 2000). Theoretical Fr... ...ot just on TV? As long as families follow the trend that divorce is setting, more than than and more children will be the victimized and left to fend for themselves whether it be physically with unstable custodial parents or mentally without any role models and structure in their lives to keep them on the straight and narrow. I think divorce acts as its own indicator that it disrupts peoples lives, especially adolescents as they are more impressionable in this stage. Divorce has been shown to adversely affect academic performance, and personal characteristi cs as far as social skills and self presentation, it erodes the parent-child relationship and takes away structure and replaces it with a consequence free environment. And when you take a child, an adolescent none-the-less at the height of confusion and insecurity and remove boundaries such as parents, rules, and regulations, thats trouble. If children are our future, perhaps we should be equipping them with more than freedom. To befittingly prepare for the future, I think we should take a step arse into the past and watch a few Leave It to Beaver episodes and maybe we can come up with a better game plan.